And of course Morse is not wasting Lewis's time in that early encounter. It's while reading the preamble for a Listener puzzle in which each entry "will contain a misprint of a single letter" that the inspector twigs that the spelling mistakes in a piece of evidence are not a sign of illiteracy, but a way of concealing a threatening message.
Would a non-solving policeman have spotted that? Even a solver of the Mirror quick? I think not. Crosswords, as we'll see, save lives. Likewise in The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn , it's Morse's penchant for acrostics which we explain for beginners here that inspires him to read the last word in each line of a letter from the Middle East - the last word, because "some of these cockeyed foreigners start from the right and read down!
Lewis studied the letter once more and his eyes gradually widened. It's perhaps a surprise that the moment that puts Nicholas Quinn at number three in our countdown - where a setter becomes a suspect - comes not from Dexter's novel but from Julian Mitchell's adaptation for ITV.
Visiting a member of an examination syndicate, Morse notices the tools of the setter's trade. That's my other secret vice. I set crosswords. Which paper? He built the great maze of Greek legend, you know. I've been wrestling with you for years! I once spent a whole day on one of your five downs. I always try to make five down just a little tricky. Here, and with regret, we must deduct some accuracy points for Nicholas Quinn. Not because most real-world setters try to "yield gracefully" - that is, to bring out the solver's cleverness rather than outsmarting them; it's plausible that Daedalus is one of those frustratingly smarty-pants compilers.
No, it's because sadly, TV is again offering us some implausible grids. Daedalus is pointing at five down alright, but in a by grid rather than the standard 15 we have already seen Morse solving. Blue toon in a white dress. Japanese soybean appetizer.
Nickname that can be either masculine or feminine. Standard outlet connection. Weapon sought by Voldemort. Woman with a well-known internet "list". Piece of training equipment in boxing. Dance that men often do shirtless. Europe-based grp. Principle of harmonious design. Thorn in a dictator's side. House speaker before Pelosi. Disintegrate, in a way, as cells in the body. Biblical figure with a tomb in the Cave of the Patriarchs. Thurman of "Pulp Fiction". The set up took a long time.
We had to work out some things. It was a long schlep to the bathroom down the hall, so we kept a bottle by the bed. Aserinsky did a second nightlong sleep study of Armond with the same results—again the pens traced sharp jerky lines previously associated only with eye movements during wakefulness.
As Aserinsky recruited other subjects, he was growing confident that his machine was not fabricating these phenomena, but could it be picking up activity from the nearby muscles of the inner ear? Was it possible the sleeping subjects were waking up but just not opening their eyes? There was no doubt whatsoever that the subject was asleep despite the EEG that suggested a waking state. What do they mean?
In the fall of , he began a series of studies with a more reliable EEG machine, running more than 50 sleep sessions on some two dozen subjects. The charts confirmed his initial findings. Aserinsky went on to find that heart rates increased an average of 10 percent and respiration went up 20 percent during REM; the phase began a certain amount of time after the onset of sleep; and sleepers could have multiple periods of REM during the night. He linked REM interludes with increased body movement and particular brain waves that appear in waking.
An association of the eyes with dreaming is deeply ingrained in the unscientific literature and can be categorized as common knowledge.
Aserinsky had little patience for Freudian dream theory, but he wondered if the eyes moving during sleep were essentially watching dreams unfold. To test that possibility, he persuaded a blind undergraduate to come into the lab for the night.
The young man brought his Seeing Eye dog. Very carefully I opened the door to the darkened sleeping chamber so as not to awaken the subject. Suddenly, there was a low menacing growl from near the bed followed by a general commotion which instantaneously reminded me that I had completely forgotten about the dog. By this time the animal took on the proportions of a wolf, and I immediately terminated the session, foreclosing any further exploration along this avenue. It always irritated him when people wanted him to interpret their dreams.
William Dement was a medical student at Chicago, and in the fall of Kleitman assigned him to help Aserinsky with his overnight sleep studies. Dement recounted his excitement in his book, The Promise of Sleep. Kleitman and I think these eye movements might be related to dreaming.
With a camera Kleitman had obtained, Dement and Aserinsky took millimeter movie footage of subjects in REM sleep, one of whom was a young medical student named Faylon Brunemeier, today a retired ophthalmologist living in Northern California.
Kleitman had barred women as sleep study subjects, fearing the possibility of scandal, but Dement wheedled permission to wire up his sweetheart, a student named Pamela Vickers. Next, Dement says he recruited three other female subjects, including Elaine May, then a student at the University of Chicago.
Even if she had not become famous a few years later as part of the comedy team Nichols and May, and had not gone on to write Heaven Can Wait and other movies, she would still have a measure of fame, in the annals of sleep science. From to , Dement published studies with Kleitman establishing the correlation between REM sleep and dreaming.
Dement became such an evangelist about the dangers of undiagnosed sleep disorders that he once approached the managers of the rock band R. The musicians brushed him off with a shaggy story about the acronym standing for retired english majors. When Aserinsky left the University of Chicago, in , he turned his back on sleep research.
He went to the University of Washington in Seattle and for a year studied the effects of electrical currents on salmon. Then he landed a faculty position at Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia, where he explored high-frequency brain waves and studied animal respiration. In the early s, Armond Aserinsky urged his father, then in his 40s, to return to the field he had helped start.
Aserinsky finally wrote to Kleitman, who had retired from the University of Chicago. The literature on the subject is quite extensive now. I believe that you have ability and perseverance but have had. Let us hope that things will be better for you in the future. In March , Aserinsky went home to Brooklyn to attend a meeting of sleep researchers. We thought you were dead!
Delving into the night again in an unused operating room at the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute in Philadelphia, Aserinsky worked on the physiology of REM and non-REM sleep, but he had prickly encounters with colleagues. He took offense when he did not receive an invitation to a prestigious dinner at a meeting of sleep researchers. He was often stung when Dement and Kleitman got credit he felt belonged to him.
For his part, Dement said he resented that Aserinsky never acknowledged all the work he did as low man on the lab totem pole. In , after more than two decades at JeffersonMedicalCollege, Aserinsky was passed over for the chairmanship of the physiology department. He retired in In the first place, Kleitman was reserved, almost reclusive, and had little contact with me. Secondly, I myself am extremely stubborn and have never taken kindly to working with others. This negative virtue carried on throughout my career as evidenced by my resume, which reveals that I was either the sole or senior author in my first thirty publications, encompassing a period of twenty-five years.
Years passed in which he had no contact with Armond. To younger sleep scientists, Aserinsky was only a name on a famous paper, an abstraction from another time. And such he might have remained if not for a license plate and a chance encounter in Peter Shiromani, then an assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of California at San Diego, had just nosed his Datsun into the parking lot of a Target department store in Encinitas, California.
0コメント