The cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart. It is formed by cardiac branches derived from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Sympathetic cardiac nerves are derived from T1 to T4 segments and partly from the T5 segment of the spinal cord.
They are the stimulators of cardiac function. Parasympathetic cardiac nerves reach the heart through the vagus nerve cranial nerve X. They are inhibitors of cardiac function. The superficial part of the cardiac plexus lies beneath the aortic arch , in front of the right pulmonary artery.
It is formed by the superior cervical cardiac branch of the left sympathetic trunk and the lower superior cervical cardiac branch of the left vagus trunk. A small ganglion, the cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg, is occasionally found that forms a junction for these nerves. The deep part of the cardiac plexus is situated in front of the tracheal bifurcation above the point of division of the pulmonary trunk carina and behind the aortic arch.
It is formed by the cardiac nerves derived from the cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and the cardiac branches of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves except those that supply the superficial cardiac plexus.
The deep cardiac plexus can be divided into right and left halves. From the right half of the deep cardiac plexus, a branch passes in front of the right pulmonary artery and gives a few twigs to the anterior pulmonary plexus and then continues as a part of anterior coronary plexus.
The branch passing behind the right pulmonary artery gives branches to the right atrium and then continues as a part of the posterior coronary plexus. The left half is essentially connected with the superficial part of the cardiac plexus and gives twigs to the left atrium and to the anterior pulmonary plexus.
It then continues to form the greater part of the posterior coronary plexus. Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Updating… Please wait. Unable to process the form. Teaching the modified Valsalva maneuver to terminate SVT. A relic or still relevant: the narrowing role for vagotomy in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Am J Surg. A review of vagus nerve stimulation as a therapeutic intervention.
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Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Henry TR. Therapeutic Mechanisms of Vagus Nerve Stimulation. Neurology ; S3. Neurology ; Shuchman M. Moreover, the localization of the perforating branches and inhomogeneity of the sympathetic distribution in the rat ear also require clarification in future research. The auricula has extensive neural contributions, and it is not unusual for AVNS studies to stimulate multiple neural networks that can all function as key players in the mechanism of action.
In conclusion, AVNS studies or better to refer to it as auricular electrical stimulation are a promising avenue by which to explore numerous medical conditions; however, the lack of anatomical knowledge and inadequate study design in the context of a monolog anatomical concept impose clear limitations that may result in the misinterpretation of the mechanism of action.
The present article helps to elucidate obscure neuroanatomical aspects of the ABVN and provide a deeper understanding of the auricular anatomy and the multiple neural networks that may influence its mechanism of action, thus helping to inform improved design of AVNS studies and the interpretations of their findings by considering all aspects of the auricular anatomy.
The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Altschuler, S. Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the rat: sensory ganglia and nuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts. Representation of the cecum in the lateral dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve and commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii in rat.
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